The earliest written texts we have of English were in Anglo-Saxon runes (a rune is a letter from an ancient alphabet). These runes were called the futhorc. It looked like this:

Let’s look at the first rune. Each rune stood for a sound, like <f>, but it also had a meaning in and of itself – wealth. The futhorc was used by various Germanic (ex: English, German, Frisian, Dutch, Scandinavian, Gothic) tribes at least as early as 200AD.

The Ruthwell Cross, a relatively famous preaching cross, was inscribed with runes from the futhorc.

It was from about 750AD. Obviously what was written using the futhorc was not the English of today; it was Old English.

Then came Insular Script, which was developed in Ireland. This was at first used solely in Ireland and Britain, but then it spread throughout Europe due to religion (Celtic Christianity).

These are the opening lines of Beowolf (~900AD). Again, this is Old English. Insular Script retained some of the runes from the futhorc, like ‘thorn’ (þ) and the barred d (ð).

After the Norman Conquest (1066AD invasion of England by Normandy), the Insular Script was replaced by the Carolingian Miniscule.

And over time, this transformed through Gothic (like the New York Times header) and others into what we have today…

It’s so interesting to see the alterations of our writing system all laid out. At one time I could kind of read Middle and Old English, but I’ve forgotten – definitely something I want to relearn. It’s almost like speaking another language.